rewriting world history

 

 

 

WHO ARE THE EAST ASIANS, POLYNESIANS AND AMERICAN INDIANS?

 

IN SEARCH OF THEIR INCREDIBLE ORIGINS

 

 

 

 

 

 

COPYRIGHT © HISTORY RESEARCH PROJECTS 1992, 2001

 

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NOTE: this booklet has since been updated substantially and incorporated into the forthcoming Lost Races of the Ancient World book.

 

 

              CHAPTER ONE           

 

THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONS OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA

 

Very broadly speaking, the races of the Orient may be divided into three main sub-races: the eastern Turkic peoples of Central Asia, the peoples of China and Japan and the tribes and peoples of south-east Asia.

 

THE BROWN MONGOLOIDS OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA.

 

Allow me to tackle the true origins of the latter, first. Gomer was the eldest son of Japheth and the father of three sons:  Ashkenaz, Ripath and Togarmah.  I shall discuss each of these sons, but before I do, Gomer himself needs to be discussed. Gomer was the Gamir or Gimirrai of the Assyrians and a part of the Cimmerians or Kimmerioi of the Greeks[i].  Even if one rejects the Bible, one cannot reject the Nations of Genesis chapter ten for their names are all preserved in history! The Armenians called Cappadocia gamir, after them[ii]. The expansion of peoples in the Middle East forced them northwards over the Caucasus into southern Russia - the Ukraine, centred on the Dniester, but they were later driven out by the Greeks[iii].

 

Let me interrupt myself here for a brief moment to explain something of importance.  Jewish traditions of the Middle Ages claim that Gomer is today in central Europe.  Nothing can be further from the truth.  Gomer, as we shall shortly see, went in the opposite direction.  Some of his descendants became known as Cimmerians.  Sure, some nations who moved into Europe have similar names to that and it is not beyond reason that several nations became known as Cimmerian (see Hosea 1:2-4).  But the original Cimmerians (or Kimmeri or Khimeri) moved into Asia, not Europe.  Japheth was the father of the yellow and olive-skinned peoples, not the fair-skinned northern Europeans.

 

However, it is not beyond the realm of possibility that there was a western and an eastern mutation of Gomer which, together with a few Edomites, may dwell amongst the Bavarians to this day. Yair Davidy of Israel in his very useful book Ephraim, has provided information on this possibility. If so, such a group would qualify in the low percentage points.

 

To continue: the Cimmerians (or one of their branches) met up in Russia with the Tibarenians (Tubal) and Mushki (Meshech)[iv]. Other branches journeyed through central Asia, through China[v] and into south-east Asia. Gomer gave rise to the Siamese, Burmese, Indonesians, Filipinos, Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians.  The Cambodians real name is the Khmer which is very likely derived from Gomer ! Similarly, one of the regions of Burma is known as Khemarata. Also, Kamara was the original name of Sumatra and a region in Sumatra is known as Kampar. We also find the area of Kemarat in Thailand and the Gimaras island in the Philippines. Given the aforementioned, it is highly likely, that these place and ethnic names are ultimately traceable back to Gomer. While it is impossible to prove, it is most likely and should be included in our list of probabilities.

 

ASHKENAZ

 

Ashkenaz was called Asguza by Sargon of Assyria and Askanios by Homer[vi].  Where are the Asguza and Askanios?  It's imperative that we know.  For the prophecies of the Bible reveal the future course of world events.  We have to know where these nations are to understand the prophecies. In Jeremiah, the Medes and her allies are shown to be coming against modern Babylon:

 

                                                "prepare the nations against her,

                                                call together against her the

                                                Kingdoms of Ararat, Minni and

                                                Ashchenaz...prepare against her the

                                                nations with the Kings of the Medes" (Jer 51:27-28).

 

Today the Georgians, Ossettes, Armenians and others occupy the region near Ararat.  We all know that!  But where are the Medes, Babylonians and descendants of Ashkenaz whom the Assyrians called Ashguza or Ishkuzai?

 

Lake Ascenius and the neighbouring people of Askaeni refer to him, as do Lake Ascenia in Bithyuia and a Lake of a similar name in Phrygia. [vii]The mountains south of the Caspian Sea, separating the Bactrians from the Saki was known as the Ascanimian Mountains.  Strabo calls the people saki, who invaded Bactria[viii].  These were a nation of Scyths.  Several nations were known as Scythians; at least one European race, and at least two Asiatic races[ix].

 

The Ashkenazic Scythians migrated over the Caucasus into southern Russia, where Herodotus called them Skythai[x].  Others called the Scyths Ashguzai[xi] or Skuthai. It may be that Tashkent, the capital of Turkestan and the area of Tashkurghan and the areas and towns of Askabad, Askhap and Kashkai may be derivatives of Ashkenaz. Many of these Scyths poured back into the Middle East and helped the Babylonians and Medes finally crush the Assyrians in 612 BC.  There in Asia Minor the name Sakhiz preserves the name of the Saka Scyths, as similarly Crimea or Krim that of the Cimmerians[xii]. A drink of these Scythians was translated by Herodotus into Greek aschy or Asky[xiii]. Where did some of these Scythians finally migrate to? Yamauchi, discussing frozen tombs, says they were

 

“ ... located in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia, just north of the western most boundary of the Republic ... the tombs contained the skeletons of Mongoloids, they ... reveal a culture closely related to the Scythians”[xiv].

 

The Shamanist peoples of Siberia still practice the same rites of healing, divination and death as the Scythians did[xv].  And theTurkmenian nomads on the northern borders of Afghanistan perpetuate the exact way of life which a branch of these Scythians led [xvi]! (In Afghanistan we find the Ashkun River). There is some confusion in the ranks of the historians and anthropologists.  Some feel that the south-east Asians come through India, while others feel that they came from Central Asia.  Ferrand feels that they originate in Central Asia (Scythian country), while Callenfels goes so far as to specify the Altai Mountains bordering Russia, China and Mongolia.  They were apparently driven out by the Chinese into the valleys of the Iravathy, Meenam, Mekong and Salveen Rivers. Bishop wrote that the Mon-Khmer stock originated in Central Asia and that the Tibeto-Burman group were originally in

 

“ancient times extended over much of north-western China, and remnants of them still exist”[xvii].

 

Schmidt, however, connects them with the Munda and Khasi of eastern India, basing his assumptions on various philological resemblances.  Thus he places their homeland in north-east India[xviii]. It would appear that some Ashkenazic Scythians or Saka with certain Austronesian blacks may have migrated across Northern India and into Southern Asia. Others, no doubt the majority, came through central Asia.  All we do know is that the Khmers’ culture is from India; the Tibeto-Burmese group came out of China; and the Thais’ origin is obscure.

 

The Tibeto-Burmese group were originally in Central Asia for it has been discovered, amongst other things, that their gods appear to be of central Asian and Scythian origin[xix]. Of the Scythian hordes which invaded north-west India, perhaps the Achakzai Pathan of northern Baluchistan are partly derived from them (see also the publication The Nations of Central Asia and the Middle East). After descending from southern China into south-east Asia certain dark brown Mongoloid tribes stayed behind[xx]. One such tribe today in southern China is the Black Lolo or Lulu.  Researcher

 

Buxton believes that they came through Turkestan (Scythian country) into China[xxi].  Anciently in the Middle East, just north-east of the Zagros Mountains in Iran, dwelt a tribe called the Lullu or Lullubi!  Huxley writes that the Chinese Lulu have curiously always had horses like the Iranians[xxii] unlike the surrounding peoples. We should also note here that a few of these southern Chinese/south-east Asian strain are in Japan[xxiii] (for further information see the booklet The Central French, Northern Italians, Spanish and Japanese). Note the following:

 

                                                      "The Japanese, according to their

                                                      tradition, were led to their isles by

                                                      a symbolic three-legged sun-crow

                                                      [type of swastika sun-symbol].  In

                                                      Pamphylia and Lycia, in Scythian

                                                      dominated Asia Minor, coins have been

                                                      found which bear the rare figures of

                                                      three-legged birds in various forms" [xxiv].

 

Some descendants of Ashkenaz may be found today in Japan.  The name of these Scythians may be preserved in Japan in the following names:

 

                                              •       Sakai (near Osaka)

                                              •       Saeki

                                              •       Sakaiminato

                                              •       Sakata

                                              •       Sakishima (Gunto Island)

                                              •       Sakurai.

 

In Russia, the following names may also preserve a memory of some of the Scythian tribes:

 

                                              •       Sakhalin Island (near Japan)

                                              •       Sakiai (in Lithuania - but named after the White Scyths?)

                                              •       Sakmara River (in southern Urals, near Kazakhst.an)

                                              •       Sukhinichi (west of Moscow)

                                              •       Sukhona River (east of Moscow)

                                              •       Sukhoylog (Urals)

                                              •       Suksun (Urals).

 

And in North Korea we have Sakchu.  All across Asia, the name is preserved! What were the Scythians known as in Western Asia?:  Saka, Caka or Sakai[xxv]!

 

They settled for a time in south-east Asia, bringing the name Sak or Suk with them.  I mentioned then how Jerome and Josephus called certain of the Scythians Sukuthai and in this chapter how Herodotus called them Skythai.  I mentioned also the Altai Mountains where experts trace back the south-east Asians to. Is it any coincidence that one nation of this region is called Thailand (land of the Thais or free)? And their earliest capital was Sukhothai (Siak)?

 

In summary, the brown Mongoloids of south-east Asia, Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet, southern China and a few of the population of Japan are descendants of Ashkenaz.

 

RIPATH

 

Not much information is available on Ripath.  Josephus simply states that "Ripath foundeded the Ripheans, now called Paphlagonians"[xxvi].  Paphlagonia was a province in Asia Minor. They were part of the Rusi peoples which migrated out of Asia Minor into southern Russia where they met up with the Borusi which came out of Asia[xxvii].

 

The ancient Greek poets spoke of the Ripaian Mountains and the people of that land were said to be the descendants of Riphath, the description of which, is clearly north-west Russia, near the Baltic: “northward by the Baltic and further east ... by the Gulf of Finland”[xxviii].

 

There was once a district called "Rifou", east of the Black Sea. Also the Paphlagonians, sometimes spelt Raphlagonians (Riphataei) and the Rhibi lived east of the Black Sea[xxix]. Later they became known as the Reif or Rus upon contact with the Byelorussians.  Eventually they migrated up through European Russia (the name Carpathian Mountains may derive from him) and settled in north-west Russia.  Some are in White Russia on the border with Finland or in eastern Finland (Tavastians), perhaps mixed with the Balts and Nordics and known as the Finnish Russians (Karelians). The Ural-Finno-Ugaric peoples west of the Urals derive from Ripath ultimately. The Riphaean or Rafu Mountains (modern Urals) were no doubt named after him.

 

"TOGARMAH OF THE NORTH QUARTERS" (Ezek 38:6).

 

The above quote is from a famous prophecy found in the book of Ezekiel.  Wherever Togarmah is to be found today, it is to the far north of the Middle East. Hundreds of years after the flood of Noah The Assyrians called them the Til-garimmu (Tegarama in Hittite) who lived on the border with Tabal[xxx]. Other names for this people were "Tegaram a Tilgarimma, "Trocmi" and "Trogmades".

 

The Tegarma or Tegarama migrated from Cappadocia into Armenia[xxxi], and may have given his name to that district (the Armenians even claimed descent from him and undoubtedly are in part). From there they moved into Turcoman territory (Turkistan) a possible derivation of Tegarama. In Turkistan, among the tablelands of Pamir, rose a great mount, Tagharma.  The Septuagint form is Thorgama. Milner, who is famous for his writings on the Japhetic races, discusses the trip to the deserts of Turkistan by Dr. Joseph Woolf, a missionary. Woolf recorded his experience in Travels and Adventures. He mentions how he came among a people claiming to be descendants of Japheth and calling themselves Togarmah.  These were the Mongoloid peoples of Turkistan[xxxii]!

 

Amongst the sign-posts indicating where Togarmah settled we find:

 

                                               •        Tagarchi in eastern Turkestan

                                               •        the Tochari tribe

                                               •        Tigranoama in eastern Turkey

                                               •        Tagarma mountains in eastern Turkestan

                                               •        the city of Tagarma in western China

                                               •        Taganrog, Tigeretsk Mountain, Togur town, Turgai province and                 Turginsk town in Siberia

 

Tradition speaks in terms of a certain son of Japheth as Tork.  He in turn had a son Taunak Chan.  He was in turn succeeded by Jelza Khan, Dibbakui Khan, Kajuk Khan and Ilingeh (or Alanza) Khan. Ilingeh Khan in turn had two sons: Tatar Khan - progenitor of the Tartars; and Mongul Khan - progenitor of the Mongols or Moghuls[xxxiii]!

 

I should stress here that one should realise that some of the Turks derive from Togarmah and some from Edom. See my publication The Nations of Central Asia and the Middle East. There has, however, been some mixing between the descendants of Edom and Togarmah in Central Asia which is quite easy to perceive.

 

Moses of Chorene, who wrote the history of the Armenians c450AD, claimed that their progenitor was none other than Thargamas and they called themselves the “House of Thorgom”. It may be that the name Armenia derives from TogARMah. So, some of the descendants of Togarmah dwell in Armenia to this very day.

 

 

 

The golden-skinned Mongols of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, mixed to a degree, with the descendants of Togarmah and Edom (some Turkics actually claim descent from Togarmah[xxxiv]).  A few others appear to be in Siberia (see Ezek 38:6) including the Dolgans and the Yakuts[xxxv]. There we have the populous nations of central and south-east Asia traced back to their origins. But the majority of Chinese, caught between Togarmah and Ashkenaz are from a different son of Japeth.  They are discussed in the following chapter.

 

 

RECOMMENDED READING

 

Huxley, F (1974)             Peoples of the World In Colour. Blandford Press, London.

 

Karnow, S (1964)            South-East Asia. Time-Life Books.

 

Milner, W (1941)             The Russian Chapters of Ezekiel. Destiny Publishers, Mass. First published 1923.

 

 

 

 

 

        CHAPTER TWO              

 

POPULOUS CHINA

 

Everyone has heard of the prophecy concerning Gog and Magog in Ezekiel 38; and everyone has heard that they are in Asia ... but where specifically?  And why do scholars not attempt to prove that Gog and Magog are today in Asia ?

 

ANCIENT MAGOG

 

We have already seen how that the descendants of Ashkenaz became known as Scythians. But there were more than one nation of people known as Scythians[xxxvi].  Josephus states :

 

                                               "Magog founded those that from him were

                                               named Magogites, but who by the Greeks

                                               called Scythians"[xxxvii]

 

The descendants of Magog then, formed a branch of the eastern Scythians. Pliny, a noted Roman writer of early Christian times, said "Hierapolis taken by the Scythians, was afterward called Magog"[xxxviii] Of these Scythians Rawlinson wrote :

 

"Pouring through the passes of the Caucasus - whence coming or what intending none knew - horde after horde of the Scythians blackened the rich plains of the south. On they came like locusts, countless, irresistible, finding the land before them like a garden, leaving behind them a howling wilderness. Neither age nor sex would be spared The inhabitants would be ruthlessly massacred by the invaders, or at best, forced to become slaves  The crops would be consumed, the herds swept off or destroyed, the villages or homesteads burned, the whole country made a scene of desolation"[xxxix].

 

The Scythians were barbarian people - extremely cruel and terrible to the conquered tribes and races. In 584 BC they were at last driven out of Anatolia and sent back into the vast areas north of the Caucasus. When residing in the Middle East in the early centuries after the flood, Magog was always closely identified with Mushki and Tabali[xl] and moved in Asia in advance of them.

 

The Assyrians called them Mat Gugi (Ma-Gog) which means "the country of Gog". Until fairly recently the people of the Caucasus called their mountains, Gog and the highest points Magog! Let Milner, famous for his writings on the Japhetic races, adds further to our understanding:

 

"Magog, as a geographical term used by Hebrews of old and Arabs to-day (Majaj), denoted that vast stretch of country to the north of the Black Sea, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Hindu Kush, and Altai, known to the the Greek geographers as Skythia"[xli].

 

 

I will quote at length from another work of Milner Russia Japhet, long out of print

 

"From the high-lands of Pamir, in the heart of central Asia, whereon, according to the arguments of some of the earlier chapters of this treatise, the Japhetic races grew into national existence, an easy highway leads to-wards the eastern half of Asia. The Tarim river, whose valley this route would follow ... loses itself. on the  edge of the Gobi desert. The basin of

 

this river, forming a broad expanse between the Tia-shan mountains on the North and the range of Kuenlum to southward, is one continual camping ground. Where those mountain barriers end begins the country called Mongolia, the original home of the Mongol race.

 

The word Mongolian is one which is frequently used to denote the whole population of inner and northern Asia. At the outset we must carefully define a term like this. The type of race so often, called in manuals of ethnology 'Mongolian', let us designate by the term 'Turanian' - the signifance of which is co-extensive with the scriptural, 'Japhetic' ... 'Mongol' must be reserved as the title of that race which, however far afield it may since have wandered, issued from the territory distinctively designated 'Mongolia' "[xlii].

 

The term Mongol, sometimes written as Mongoul, appears to be directly derived from Magog. In India, for example, Mongol becomes Moghul and a large part of China was known as Mangi when Europeans first visited it. The Muslims called the Scythian tribes of Tartary Yajuj and Majuj which is Gog and Magog[xliii].

 

Marco Polo, Venetian traveller to the Orient, in the thirteenth century AD, knew that Mungul or Mongol was part of the peoples of Magog. He further understood 'Gog and Magog' to be the names of 'Ung and Mungu' in China [xliv].

 

Where is Magog today? They migrated via southern Russia to their current homeland, leaving behind such place-names as: Mogilev city, Mogiolistan, Mugojar Mountains, Mogol-Tau Mountains. Among the people of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, central and much of northern and southern China (by no means all of northern or southern China) and even some Japanese are also descended from Magog. Here are the hundreds of millions of China today. No wonder the name of ancestor Japhet, means "expansion", implying a large or expanding race! Other peoples descended from Magog include the Eskimos and Aleuts whose facial physiognomy are very similar to the Chinese[xlv]. We also find the Maghs and the town of Mogok in Burma, as well as the Mogadok Mountain and the Mogaung river. A tribe known as the Magars live in Nepal. The Lapps are undoubtedly descended, in part, from Magog, while some have mixed with Riphath and in several places appear almost Caucasian[xlvi]. The Lapps.were originally called Finns, thus the confusion caused in some books in referring to the Whites of Finland as Finns. They are totally different peoples. One of the rules to studying this type of subject is to understand that ancient nations do not necessarily keep their original name; and sometimes other nations acquire the names of the very nations they displace.

 

MYSTERIOUS GOG

 

Gog is indeed a mystery. Ezekiel places him on an equal footing with Magog, yet he is not mentioned as being a descendant of Japhet in the Table of Nations nor anywhere else in scripture.  Little reference is made to that or similar names in history there is a king Gyges of Lydia, called Gugu by the Assyrians[xlvii]. He was ruler of a Cimmerian people[xlviii]. Also the Arabs referred to the 'Yajuj and Majuj' as living in North-east Asia beyond the Tatars and Sclavonians[xlix]. Gog may also be the Yao of ancient Chinese history.

 

Certain scriptures refer to an 0g (Deut 3:1-13; Num 21:33) and Agag (Num 24:7; 1Sam 15:8-9; Est 3:1; 8:3; 9:24); these are not Japhethites but Amalekites descendants of Edom[l].  The Samaritan Pentateuch for Agag reads as Agog and the Septuagint reads it as Gog[li].

 

What does Gog actually mean ?

 

 

"Gog - it is a long o both in the Hebrew and in the Greek - is made from the old-world-root 'GG', which in the early languages implied something 'g-i-g-antic'. Russia has this long time been the colossus of the north'.

 

A potentate of bible history and prophecy was 'Agog'. That name, or rather, its title, comes from the same root. He was (in his own estimation), a, Aleph, + GG = No. 1 - GREAT ! The Agagites, we are told in Young's Analytical Concordance, were an ‘Amalekite tribe’ and Agog, was 'a poetic name of Amalek, derived from a particular dynasty ...'.

 

Of course, it is always on the cards that some great military dictator [in Russian Central Asia] may arise - he would be the personal Gog".[lii]

 

Gog is both a people and a particular leader of the hordes of Asia. Whoever the leader of Russia is who will eventually marshall the the east against a German-led United States of Europe and western civilization, he may well be from this stock.

 

Further information on Gog may be found in my manuscript The Nations of Central Asia and the Middle East.

 

THE PEOPLES OF KITTIM

 

Kittim, Chittim or Akita, was a son of Javan, but I include him in this section for reasons which will soon become self evident. Josephus says that Cyprus was called Kition by the Greeks. Its inhabitants were called Kitieis.and Kittoaeans[liii]. The Egyptians called them Kheta and the Greeks Ketei. The Phoenicians named them Kt or Kty. One branch still lives in Cyprus. Many of them lived in Asia Minor and were associated with the sons of Heth and the Indo-European Hittites. At least three or four peoples were known as Hittites in the Middle East in the pre-Christian times[liv]. Thus the confusion between the Hittites (also called Catti) and the Khittites (also called Chittim)[lv].

 

Professor Sayce reveals that certain of the Hittites had yellow skins[lvi]. The Egyptian monuments show at least two types of Hittites. One with a yellow skin, high cheek-bones, oblique eyes and pigtail hair. The other looked somewhat like the earliest Greeks who were Indo-European[lvii]. The famous Arthur Koestler mentions that the early Hittites were dark-skinned (that is, in comparison to their Indo-European invaders) and probably of the Mongoloid branch of mankind[lviii]. With this assessment anthropologist John Beddoe agreed in his book The Anthropological History of Europe[lix].  One possible reason for Kittim being called Khitti or Hittites is because they descended from Jap-heth .

 

These particular Hittites wore upturned shoes, high boots, peaked caps and hair worn in pig-tails[lx]. like the Mongoloid peoples of eastern Asia[lxi]. So, where would you guess Kittim is today? No prizes for guessing the correct answer!!

 

While China was called Shinas anciently (the Romans called it Seres Sinenses) derived from Tsins or Tsina by those approaching from the south[lxii] it was called Cathay or Khitay by those approaching from the North[lxiii] after the people living there. The Russians called the land and people Khitai and the Latins named it Cathay, applying it to the whole country. The Arabs even called the Chinese arrows Alkhatai[lxiv].

 

Many peoples of Manchuria and North-eastern China, then, are descendants of Kittim! The Chinesc of the North east are tall and fairly dolicocephalic; while the average Chinese descended of Magog are shorter, darker and brachycephalic. Those in the deep south are very dark and related to the South-East Asians[lxv].

 

 

The Japanese are related to this north-eastern stock through Javan, their forefather[lxvi]. See my work The Central French, Spanish, Northern Italians and Japanese. The anthropologists puzzle over how some of these Chinese look similar to the Mediteranean peoples[lxvii]. Anthropologists gasp and wonder, yet the answer to this 'problem' has been in the Bible, God's Word, for thousands of years. All we need to do is seek and find.

 

THE KITTIM IN PROPHECY

 

In the book of Daniel, in the eleventh chapter, we find an account of Antiochus Epiphanes IV, a type of the Beast, being attacked by Roman ships from Chittim or Cyprus (168 BC) (Dan 11:30). But prophecy is dual - what has occurred in the past, will yet again occur in the future. Today Kittim is in China, and this prophecy, being dual, refers to them :

 

"For the ships of Chittim [China] shall come against him: Therefore he [the Beast]- shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant .

 

But tidings out of the east and out of the North [Russia] shall trouble him: therefore he[the Beast] shall go forth with great fury to destroy ..." (Dan 11:30, 44).

 

A little known and never-mentioned prophecy in the book of Numbers has a similar message:

 

"And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber". (Num 24:24)

 

Terrible times and great conflicts will soon bedevil our planet earth. Alliances of nations will rise up and devour other nations. Killings and slaughters are about to be unleashed upon an unsuspecting world; a world that is growing accustomed to expect a time of peace in a New World Order, will find that shockingly cruel wars will be the order of the day instead.

 

 

 

 

RECOMMENDED READING

 

Boulger, DC (1878)                   The History of China. W. Thacker & Co, London.

 

Brinkley, F (1903)                      Japan and China. (vol 1). TC & EC Jack, London.

 

Yamauchi,E  (1982)                   Foes From the Northern Frontier. Baker Book House, Michigan.

 

 

 

 

 

                CHAPTER THREE          

 

WHERE ARE THE DESCENDANTS OF ELISHAH TODAY?

 

 

All scholars, almost without exception, will readily identify Javan (Hebrew Yawan) with the Greek Iones[lxviii], translated in the Bible as Grecia. The Assyrians called the Greek people Iam-anu and the Achaemenians Yauna[lxix].  The inscriptions of Sargon and Sennacherib label the Greek Islands as Mat Yauna and Yaniana.  The Persians called them Yauna or Yuna, Yaman in Akkadian, Yauna in Elamite and the Babylonians Yavanu[lxx]. Ancient peoples knew each others origins!  Why don't we today?

 

THE IONIAN GREEKS

 

Because Greece lay close to the Ionian Isles, the Assyrians called Greece the "Island of the Ionians"[lxxi].  All the above proves that the word Ionia is a derivation of Javan.

 

The original settlers in Greece were not Ionians. but Indo -Europeans[lxxii].  The Indo-Europeans or Aryans committed genocide in the famous Peloponnesian War, a tremendous civil war between the tribes.  What remnant was left of them was absorbed into the Ionian peoples. Some northern European-looking types and even a few blondes may still be witnessed in Greece today.

 

Greek tradition traces their ancestory back to one Japetos who is obviously Japheth[lxxiii].  However, other traditions of theirs claiming that all four major subdivisions (Dorians, Aeolians, Ionians and Achaeans) derive from one forefather[lxxiv], must be total fabrication as the Dorians and Achaeans are Indo-Euroneans, not Mediterraneans like the Ionians. The Greeks did maintain one other tradition significant to our thesis:  that they descend from one Hellas.  Hellas is a mere corruption of Elishah.  The Greeks were known as Hellenes centuries ago[lxxv] and this is still their official name. For prophecies on Greece, see the footnote.[lxxvi]

 

Many of them settled on Cyprus where the Canaanites called them Alasiyans[lxxvii]. That is why Cyprus was called the islands of the 'Ionians' by the Assyrians[lxxviii]. The Greeks had other settlements in southern Italy, southern France, North Africa and Spain where they were absorbed into the local population.

 

Professor Sayce candidly states that there appears to have been two branches of Elishah.  One in Cyprus and Greece and another in the Aleian plain of Cilicia[lxxix]. Robert Gayre of Gayre tells us that anciently Gaza was called Ione; the sea between Egypt and Philistia was called  Ionian, western Lydia and Coria were called Ionian and there was also a people called Ion in Asia Minor (where the Khittim and Tarsus were). As Gayre states, the whole eastern Mediterranean was associated with Javan[lxxx].  Gayre also believes that there were two branches to Elishah:  the traditional one in Cyprus while the other resided to the east in Cilicia, Asia Minor[lxxxi]. Where is the branch which dwelt in Asia Minor today?

 

AN EASTERN ELISHAH?

 

As has already been noted, the peoples of Elishah on Cyprus were known as Alisha, Alisiya[lxxxii], Alasia, E11asar, Larsa, and Alsa.  One might see then how changeable malleable and elastic that name was. On Cyprus we also find the Phoenicians (Canaanites) for Cyprus was a Phoenician colony[lxxxiii].

 

It is very probable that the Arkite, Hittite and Hivite tribes of the Phoenicians are among the American Indians as we shall see in the final chapter.  These two peoples, then, were definitely connected. In Ezekiel chapter twenty-seven and verse seven, for instance, mention is made of fine linen made in Egypt and dye and purple from the isles of Elishah.

 

Where are these Elishah-Phoenicians today? The Bible Dictionary has the following to say :

 

“Elishah has been thought to be Elis, Eolis Helles. etc ... Not only Greece but Italy, and Western Africa have been suggested ... no one particular island was in any case intended” [lxxxiv].

 

Eolis or Aeolis was the coast of Peloponnesia, itself meaning the "land of Elos" or Elishah. Where are the Peloponnesians of the eastern branch of Elishah? Very likely in Polynesia! How like the eastern branch of Kittim dwelling in northern China (Cathay) and the eastern branch of Tarshish in Japan.  Also, the Greeks called Elishah Maori[lxxxv]. Smith's Classical Dictionary[lxxxvi] associates Maori or Mauri and also Milyaes with Tiras a people living in geographical proximity to Elishah. These two tribes of Tiras may have intermarried with a branch of the Peloponnesians (or Pelonesians, Polonesians or Polynesians).

 

What major upset caused the Elishahites of Cyprus and surrounding areas to migrate?  The Philistines!  They were displaced by the Philistines (C 1200 B.C.) who were en-route to Palestine[lxxxvii].  Let us now trace their movements.

 

MIGRATIONS INTO THE PACIFIC

 

From Cyprus and southern Anatolia. the Polynesians migrated further into Asia. Suggs, author of the now famous Island Civilizations of Polynesia mentions a certain Percy Smith, a New Zealand researcher who, in 1904, postulated that the Polynesians originated in Asia in the land of Atia te varinga nui.  This was where there was stone temple - palace of King Tu te rangri marana, where he reigned.  After infighting and quarrelling, the Polynesians were forced out to Java and eventually migrated to the islands of the Pacific[lxxxviii]. Keep the "Land of Atia" in mind for we shall be returning to investigate in shortly.

 

“An admirable concise account of the wanderings of the Polynesians is given by S. Percy Smith ... , who believes that the parent stock can be traced to India about 450 B.C., and that a migration to Java took place in 65 B.C., where they resided for about a hundred years”.[lxxxix]

 

Notice they were forced out to the island of Java and south-east Asia.  They found the pygmy Negrito people already there. Much later the Mad-japahit Empire arose in Malaysia and Indonesia.  The name "japahit” quite possibly derives originally from Japheth or Javan. Probably, various Canaanite tribes migrated with Elishah into the region, for there a tribes with features more akin to European and wavy or curly hair:

 

“The early population of Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula, and the Malay Archipelago was not Mongol but of the same racial type as the Mediterranean”[xc].

 

This may include the Gergasi and Arvadi tribes, possibly descendants of Canaan.

 

Some researchers have even claimed to have been able to trace the Polynesians back to north-west India and Persia.  Author Suggs admits that there are some vague resemblances between the Polynesians and Semitic languages[xci].  Barry Fell, author of America B C, has plenty of proofs in this remarkable book of how the Polynesian language is derived from the Egypto-Libyan group.  Polynesian also has a very strong Anatolian element[xcii]. Anatolia? Asia Minor - where a branch of Elishah was!  I highly recommend Fell's book.  It is written for the average reader, not just the university professor.

 

Note that he connected it a1so to the north African languages. There was a people in north-west Africa called the Mauri or Maurya.  One cannot be dogmatic and say that the Polynesian Mauri. or a branch of them were there at some ancient period in time.  As far as one can tell, the name Maurya is derived from Moor.  However a Mongoloid-type of some sort must have dwelt in norhern Africa at some time to have produced the half-breed Hottentots who are a mixed people from Negroids and a Mongoloid race, dwelling today in southern Africa.

 

In any event, the Mauri claim in their traditions. to have come from Aryavarata, which was in north-west India according to researcher Kalyanaraman[xciii]. Where were thev before that? Remember the land of Atia in Asia mentioned earlier? Another tradition states that they came from a land called Raiatea.  Rhaetia or Raetia was found just north and east of the  Italian Alps near Thrace, where the sons of Tiras once dwelt.  An island in the Society group in the south Pacific Raiatea, may well be named after it.

 

Maori, perhaps descended in part from Tiras, was located in ancient times in an area adjacent to Thrace.  He would have ended up joining the Poynesians and not the chi1dren of Tiras.  No wonder Elishah was called Maori by the Greeks. Although the Maurya Empire of northern India was not composed of Mauris it may be a name lasting in that area of the world long after the Mauris left for Java. This is mere conjecture and it is raised here for further thought. The Polynesian roots in the ancient Middle East and also in part of Europe may be attested to  by the following:

 

“Morphologically, the Polynesians, as a whole, are closest to the Southern Europeans”[xciv].

 

ORIGINS OF THE NAME "MALAY"

 

You would recall the tribe of Milyaes mentioned earlier in the chapter. When the Polynesians moved through south-east Asia, they migrated through the peninsula which was named Malaya after Mi1yaes!  The peoples of Ashkenaz who settled that area became known as the Malays. The name Mala appears all over southern Asia.  Below is a list of these:

 

         

          1.    Himalayas

          2.    Malays

          3.    Malaca Peninsula.

          4     Malaya in Sumatra.

          5.    Mala or Malava in Laos

          6.    Molucca Islands

          7     Maldive or Mala-dvipa Isles.

          8.    Malay the ancient name for Madagascar (modern Malagasy Republic).

          9.    Malava-Malaya a tribe of India.

          10.  The ancient Malayu Kingdom of Sumatra.

          11.  Malava (Malaya) was the geographical name for the Punjab to

                              Rajaputna, down the east coast to Ceylon[xcv].

 

 

The names Malawi in Africa and Malanchu province in Peru may be related to Malaya[xcvi], or Milyae who may have traded with them anciently[xcvii].  Linguists know that the Polynesian language very definitely belongs to the Thai-Kadai-Malayo-Polynesian language family.  The language found in Malagasy (Madagascar) resembles the Maori-Polynesian language[xcviii]. Certain Ashkenazic Indonesians and Malays at one time, historians will tell you, settled in Madagascar.  Not only does the language of Madagascar have a close resemblance to the Malayo-Polynesian family states Sibree in his work The Great African Island, but so do the people![xcix].  Perhaps some of the Maori ventured there too as we have the nearby island of Mauritius.

 

Smith's Classical Dictionary referred to a further tribe associated with Tiras but evidently had migrated with Elishah, "Gasgar". Gasgar settled in Mada-gascar, and have now been absorbed into the local population.  The name means "Gasgars of the land of Madai", proving that the Polynesians were once in Persia as Suggs reported.

 

WHICH ROUTE DID ELISHAH TAKE?

 

The routes of the migrations of the Polynesian peoples into the Pacific is a sore point between many researchers.  Some feel they came from the coast of China, others say from the Americas.  Which viewpoint is correct?

 

 The majority of researchers trace the Polynesians, through archaelogical evidence and dating methods, back to south-east Asia and before that to southern China[c]. Their physical type, culture and their language connect them with south-east Asia, not the Americas[ci]. It would be impossible and futile to list all the proofs of how they came out of Asia, but a good summary may be found in Suggs' chapter "Out from Asia"[cii]. If at all possible, it is well worth obtaining this work from your local library.

 

Thor Heyerdahl has written several works on the Polynesians and American Indians. In one wonderful book, Early Man and the Ocean, he mentions, like others have before him, the three clear strains within the Polynesian peoples:

 

         1.   Those in the west mixed with the Melanesians and Micronesians, very dark and have curly hair.

         2.   Those in the east, similar to the American Indians with a touch of Asiatic Mongoloid.

         3.  A further Europid element, these had fairer skins, were tall reddish or brown hair and some

            are described by physical anthropologists as having a prominent nose and Jewish or Arab-Semitic features[ciii].

 

Earlier in the book he described the skin colour of the latter group as being much like southern Europeans[civ]. In 1772, Cozet, a French navigator with Marion du Fresne's expedition, came to the Bay of Islands and had this to say of the Ngaphuhi Maori tribe: "Their colour is generally speaking like the people of Southern Europe". Of course. For that is where Elishah dwelt originally. Another researcher, Suggs feels that they are a mixture of Caucasoids, Mongoloid and Negritiod elements but being over-whelmingly Caucasoid[cv]. Obviously they are not over-whelmingly Caucasians, but his observations are very useful.

 

Generally. the Polynesians as a whole have a yellow-brown skin, wavy black hair with a "rare" reddish tinge.  They range from dolicocephalic to brachycephalic with the latter dominating. Seriological work into the Polynesian blood type shows that those in the east, nearest America, have blood similar to the Indians of America (type O).  But types B and AB are found to a sizable degree in the west.  The blood group dominates overall, showing that they are a different people to the rest of Asia[cvi].  Like all nations, those on the periphery have mixed with the peoples close by (for example those in the west mixed with the Melanesians. The origins of the Melanesians, Papuans, southern Indians and pygmies of South East Asia will be explored in a forthcoming manuscript).

 

But does the similar blood type between the Polynesians and American Indian prove that they came out of America and not Asia as Heyerdahl postulates? His theory that the eastern and central Polynesians are directly related to the Peruvian Indians because both have high percentages of type O and low percentages of type A and with the absence of types AB and B, holds little water by itself. Why?  Because such diverse groups as the Labrador Eskimos and Australian Aboriginals have virtually identical blood types as do the Russians with the Ituri Pygmies! We need more evidence than that.

 

Yet Heyerdahl presents many fascinating facts to prove that the Polynesians were related to the early Peruvians.  There are many resemblances between the two which cannot be overlooked[cvii].  What an enigma. To further add to the problems of historians, the peoples of Easter Island claim in their legends to have come from the east and not the west!  And some Maoris (some of whom appear to be strikingly similar to American Indians in certain photographs before me) claim to have come from Mexico 3,400 years ago,  settled for a time in Peru before setting sail 1,500 years ago for New Zealand which they reached in a series of migrations and stops approximately 250 years later.

 

Some have postulated that the Polynesians came to the Pacific in two waves, both from Asia[cviii].  The genealogies of the western Polynesians (the names of whose gods originated in China[cix]) go back only 700 years, while those in the east to 4,000 years, which represents more evidence of two separate migrations.

 

But instead of both migrations coming out of Asia, I am of the opinion that the eastern Polynesians, who are fairer, fairly dolicocephalic and have blood type O, came out of Peru[cx].  The other migration came out of Asia, settling in western and central Polynesia.  The latter being descended from Elishah. Undoubtedly, a relationship between the Americas and Polynesia is established by Heyerdahl.  Many items of similarity, such as the Maori totem poles which are very similar to that of the Americas or their head-dresses, are further proof of such contacts.

 

POLYNESIAN MIDDLE EASTERN ORIGINS

 

Next are quotes from several authors who make statements that when placed together with the evidence already presented, throws further light on this study. Roberts wrote a book Ancient Hawaii Music published in 1926 . She writes that far from being universal, the conch shell trumpet originated in ancient Crete and among some other early Mediterranean cultures.  In India the conch trumpet was supposedly introduced by the god Krishna, a great deity of Hinduism[cxi].

 

She also shows that by old Spanish accounts. the conch trumpet was part of the ceremonial equipment of the Aztecs of Mexico[cxii]. Another author, Best, compares the Polynesian god Tu or Ku, with the Assyrian god of death Tu and the Egyptian word Tum, meaning "setting sun"[cxiii].  In naming their homes the Marquesan Islanders, in particular, have shown a pronounced predilection for the prefix Hana. which in some parts of the group appears in the names of almost every settlement.  Fornander, writing in Polynesian Race. Its Origin and Migrations, says -

 

"Hana, name of numerous districts and lands in the Hawaiian, Marquesas. and Tahitian groups ... refer themselves ultimately, doubt1ess, to Sana, one of the ancient Cushite emporiums in Southern Arabia"[cxiv].

 

And Cowan, writing in The Maoris, says that the Maoris descend from the Phoenicians[cxv] - the very people Elishah identified themselves with as was pointed out earlier in the chapter.

 

 

 

 

RECOMMENDED READING

 

Cowan,J  (1930)                        The Maori.

 

Howells, W (1973)                    The Pacific Islanders. AH & AW Reed, Wellington.

 

Suggs, RC (1968)                      The Island Civilizations of Polynesia. New American Library, New York.

 

 

 

 

 

               CHAPTER FOUR             

 

THE AMAZING AMERICAN INDIANS !

 

 

From whence come the Indians of the Americas? Who is their forefather in Genessis chapter 10? Is it at all possible to trace these amazing tribes and peoples to an ancient source in the Middle East?

 

There are scores of Indian tribes (somewhere in the vicinity of 178 major tribal groupings[cxvi]). They cannot, must not, be lumped together under one single description. They are very individualistic and do not all share common languages or customs[cxvii].

 

The Indian tribes has never been homogenous. In California alone, there are distinctive types in head form, facial features, and the nose. Here we find the shortest and tallest of all American Indians[cxviii]. Unfortunately, many books lump them together with the Mongoloids ... but many of them are so very different : They differ in features, skin colouring, blood groups and in other areas[cxix].

 

A VARIETY OF ORIGINS

 

I will show in this chapter the part Canaanite origins of the Sioux, Akiri and Chivite Indians, (these particular Canaanites have now mixed with some of the Indians). Others in Alaska and in South America look much like the Mongoloids of Asia[cxx]. In fact, write Broek and Weber, many Indians look like south-east Asians[cxxi].  They may have been referring to such tribes as the Navajo. In a personal letter from a Filipino pen-friend of mine, dated 5 March 1979, he stated:

 

“You know, the Spaniards have always called the Filipinos “Indios’, (meaning Indians) as they called the natives of Central and South America. Filipinos have always resented this! My elder sister 3-4 years ago went to the U.S. to do some research on public health among the Navajo Indians. And you know the Navajos would not believe that my sister wasn’t a Navajo herself! My wife also told me of how the second daughtcr of [name witheld] remarked from the pure logic of a 7 or 8 year old, upon seeing Filipinos for the first time on their arrival here: 'Look at all those Indians!’ ”[cxxii].

 

Undoubtedly there was a relationship between the American Indians and other peoples. The peoples of Milyaes were in south-east Asia; another branch may be in America today. Physical anthropologists recognise the diverse origins of the Indians, and have thus attempted to classify them into three broad groups : Zentralid (Mexico, U.S.A) Andid (Peru), Brasilid (Brazil)[cxxiii]. From where did they originate?  And why is there but one brief reference to Tiras in the Bible and that is in the Table of Nations. Suddenly he disappears from Scripture, unlike the other nations, which persist in the Near East for some time? Is it bacause he disappeared so far from the Near East that he had no consequence on the course of events in the Old World? If this be the case, then we should look for a people far removed from the Old World.

 

THE RED-SKINS OF THRACE.

 

Baikie, in a book published in 1926, wrote of the ancient peoples of Thrace that they were of reddish-brown complexion with their long black hair done up in a crest ![cxxiv] How like the American Indian!  But who was their forefather? Josephus tells us : “Tiras also called those whom he ruled over Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians”[cxxv].

A city called Tiraspol exists today in Russian Moldavia, near the Rumanian border in the region of ancient Thrace! Although it was built just over two hundred years ago, in 1792, the name nevertheless seemingly recalls the early name of that region.

 

Most theologians cannot trace the descendants of Tiras. Professor Archibald Sayce makes a statement fairly indicative of most theologians and historians :

 

“Tiras is the only son of Japhet whose name continues to be obscure. Future research can alone be expected to settle thc question”[cxxvi].

 

Well let us settle that question once and for all. Let us discover where the descendants of Tiras migrated to.

 

THE ANCIENT MINOAN CIVILIZATION

 

Archeologist and historians attest to the fabulous Minoan civilization on Crete and on colonies in the nearby Aegean Islands.  Due to cataclysmic disasters (c. 1450 BC) including earthquakes, poisonous ash from the Santorini volcano and tidal waves, the civilization disappeared forever. The survivors were driven out by Mycenean invaders from Greece. These Minoans were related to the early Hittites[cxxvii]. As a result of this vacuum, the old Hittite Kingdom was invaded and the Phoenician enterprises beyond Gibraltar came to an end. This allowed the infamous sea peoples to invade the the coastlands of the Near East[cxxviii].

 

What did the Minoans look like?

 

“Judging from the surviving inscriptions, the Minoan men were bronzed, with dark hair and beardless faces”[cxxix]! 

 

Also, the murals of the temple in Medinet Habu in Egypt, depicts them as people with features akin to the American Indians. Many Minoans also wore plumes :

 

“The tufts of feathers offer incontrovertible evidence, because no other people have worn them”, writes one author[cxxx].

 

Both quotes reveal quite clearly that the Minoans looked just like American Indians. Here settled one branch of Tiras, the other, as already mentioned, lived in Thrace

 

The Anchor Bible tells us that Tiras was probably the father of the Tyrsenoi on the Aegean Isles[cxxxi]. Another author, Graves, speaks of the people of Tiras being called Tarsha in a 13th century BC Egyptian document These he equates with the Tyrsenians, a pirate people, who held certain islands in the Aegean[cxxxii]. We find the name throughout the Mediterranean : Tiryns in southern Greece[cxxxiii], Torre in southern Italy, Torone in Greece, Thera Island off Greece, Taras, Taranto, or Tarrentum in southern Italy and Tarraco in Spain although Torre may, alternatively, derive from Tyre[cxxxiv].

 

THE ISLES OF THE AEGEAN

 

What were the names of the islands of the Tyrsenoi ? The names of these islands bear amazing resemblance to the names of various Indian tribes. Please notice first, that people of one race do not always call the people of another race by the same pronunciation and spelling of that race.

 

The White man, upon hearing the Indian names, arranged or re-arranged them according to the phonetic sounds of their own languages[cxxxv]; for example, the Spanish called the Sioux, “Xious” (Shooz). Now let us turn to the names of various islands in the Aegean, many of which were Minoan colonies and notice how similar they are to the names of certain Indian tribes :

 

 

 

 

            ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN            AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBAL NAMES

 

            Ios or Xious                            Sioux

            Tenos (Tinos)                                     Aztecs (named their island in the midst of Lake Texcoco,                                                               Tenochtitlan )

            Andros                                    Androa tribe in Oregon.The name means “one which lives                                                                                     amongst trees”, as does Andros!).

            Patmos                                                Patoes tribe in Colombia.

            Leros                                      Lecos of Brazil

            Piraeus                                    Piros of Chihuahua

            Naxos                                      the Hahos tribe

            Aguis                                       Aquios (Haquios) of Guatemala

            Sikionos                                  the Siquias of Honduras

            Anarfe (Anaphe)                     Anafes of Brazil

            Karpathos (Carpathos)           the Karpazos from Colorado

 

 

Could all this be mere coincidence? Surely not. Many (although not all) American Indians are ultimately from the Aegean Islands of the Tyrsenoi ! Amongst other proofs I list a few below:

 

·       The ancient peoplcs of the Aegean built mounds and painted themselves in a very similar fashion to those that built the civilizations of the Mississippi and Mexico[cxxxvi].

·       Maya hieroglyphics show close affinity with those of Egypt and also to Cretan scripts. Even certain Maya names of days resemble the names of letters in the Phoenician alphabet[cxxxvii]. Stone scripts with markings and language similar to the Minoan has also been found at Fort Benning, Georgia[cxxxviii].

·       The main streets of the Maya were bordered by fountains from which sprung hot and cold water. Similar installations of like design have been found beneath the ruins of Minos's palace in Crete[cxxxix].

 

It is not the place to spell out the details involved to the reader. But I would urge a perusal of the sources found in the bibliography. These are just a few of the many proofs tying Crete and the Aegean to the Americas. Let us now return to Thrace and the migrations of the sons of Tiras from there to America.

 

AMERICAN INDIANS IN ANCIENT SCOTLAND?

 

Tiras, like all other peoples, once lived in the Middle East, where they gave their name to the Taurus Mountains in southern Turkey[cxl]. When they migrated outwards, one branch settled in Crete and the Aegean, the other migrating towards the north, perhaps across the Bosporus, settled in Thrace. In those times the river running through Thrace was known as the Tyras River (modern Dniester), and the city at its mouth was called Tyra[cxli] or Tyras.

 

An early writer, Julius Firmicus, wrote :

 

“In Ethiopia all are born black; in Germany, white; and in Thrace, red” [cxlii]

 

Could anything be clearer? The Thracians were a reddish-coloured people! What became of them? Historians of old mention a warrior people in Western Europe being employed in the armies of the “barbarians”, as being fierce, swarthy, half naked, tattooed and painted.

 

These dark, red-skinned, wild tribes were expelled to the British Isles. It is these who gave rise to the account of the primitive, barbaric British. This label has stuck to the Celts ever since. In Britain they became known as Picts.

 

Where did the Picts originate? Wainswright in his The Problems of the Picts says that they originated in Illyria and Thrace![cxliii] The Picts tatooed themselves and even used the totem-pole in Scotland[cxliv].  Pokorney writes that:

 

“There remains no doubt that the launches of skin used by the Irish and Welsh fishermen correspond exactly to the round boats that the Indians of North America used”[cxlv]

 

Proof mounts upon proof. Voltaire wrote of these early tribes in Britain:

 

“When Caesar crosses into England he finds [some in] this island still more savage than Germany. The inhabitants scarcely covered their nudity with a few skins of beast. The women of a district belonged equally to all men of the same district. Thier houses were huts made of reeds, and their ornaments were shapes that the men and women imprinted on the skin by pricking it and puring on to it the juice of herbs, as the savages of America still do”[cxlvi] ! (emphasis mine)

 

One researcher relates how according to Danish tradition, the first Odin or Votan (Dan I )in c.1040 BC, brought certain tribes from south-eastern Europe into Denmark[cxlvii]. They, along with other similar peoples, were called the Agathirsi and were settled in Scotland under their leader Cruithne, by Odin. Many crossed to Ireland. They went there to get wives and returned to Scotland. They ruled over their fellow Pict tribes and also became known as Picts. The Picts and Thracians had a matriarchy (as do the Ohwachia Iroquois) and tattooed and painted themselves. These were the Agathirsi which were promised wives in Ireland if they adopted a matriarchy. In Scotland were the bay, town and river of Thurso, Tharsuinn Mountain and Tarras River.

 

THE PICTS DISAPPEAR

 

Most of the Picts suddenly disappeared in 503 AD with the arrival of the invading Milesians. They left behind mounds of flint knives, stone-hewn tombs and carvings.

 

They were driven out of Britain and settled in Greenland for a time[cxlviii]. Some may have migrated directly to Central America. Toltec tradition says that they arrived in c.503 AD to the already settled areas where Mexico City stands to-day[cxlix]. It be mentioned here that there was not one, large monolithc movement of tribes to tho Americas. Some would have settled shortly after the flood, with others continually arriving over the centuries. The Toltecs were basically a people of white appearance, features and characteristics[cl], while the nobility of the Aztecs were European-looking, not Indian.

 

Undoubtedly many of the Nordics who served under Dan I associated with the Picts and migrated with them. Histories record that some remained behind after 503 AD. There are several sources to prove that[cli]. They refer to the original inhabitants of Scotland as a very dark, wild people with prominent cheek bones, living in the islands off Scotland. They have either now died out or had left centuries ago.

 

Let us quote one source which states :

 

“Some were as black [ie. dark] and wild in their appearance as any American savages whatever ... like wild Indians, that a very little imagination was necessary to give one an impression of being upon an American river”[clii].

 

Anthropologists and historians speak in terms of a Turanid (or Mongoloid) people which once populated Scotland and Ireland[cliii]. Who are the Turanid or Turanian peoples today?  These are the Turkic peoples which occupy central Asia and the territory from the eastern shore of territory north of the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea[cliv], bordering on Thrace (see also my booklet The Nations of Central Asia and the Middle East). Why do I mention this? Because certain Turkic or Turanid tribes of central Asia claim

 

 

descent from Tiras[clv]. If so, the small Tirasian element would be totally absorbed by now into the Turkic masses or migrated eastwards and made it via the Berring Strait into North America. Another scholar writes:

 

“Close to the Black Sea are the Kabards and Abkasians, who speak a curious agglutinative speech. Its nearest allies are in far-off North America, though Basque is slightly akin in structure ... These Caucasus people might be related to the North Amerinds ... It may be noted that Roland Dixon finds the same type of skull in those two regions”.[clvi] (emphasis mine)

 

John Beddoe, famous anthropologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, wrote in the classic work The Anthropological History of Europe, that a Mongoloid race (i.e. Japhetic, of which Tiras was a branch) once occupied Scotland as its earliest inhabitants[clvii]. Further, he mentioned that traces of Turanian speech are still evident in the Scottish language[clviii]. A tiny fragment of the Turanian persists in a part of Ireland[clix]. These are the few Irish with strong features and high cheekbones.

 

To Beddoe, it remains a mystery kow these Picts suddenly disappeared[clx]. To Beddoe and others, yes. But if we look long and hard enough, basing our search upon the Holy Scriptures, we see that they migrated to America, forming part of the tribes we call “Indian”! Some superb photographs of the great artistic abilities of the early North Americans may be seen in the National Geographic magazine[clxi].

 

It is relatively unknown among the public that they built thriving cities, raised huge mounds that rivaled the size of the pyramids in Mexico, and even had a sophisticated trade network extending from the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf Coast !

 

No, not all Indian tribes were ‘savage’. Take for example the Zapotecs who constructed Monte Alban in southern Mexico. To construct it they had to level the top of a mountain (this happened c 1000 BC). The same tribe plotted the stars and devised one of the first calendars in the Americas. Their artwork is so exquisite as to be comparable to the craftmanship of the finest works of the Egyptians, Greeks and Chinese[clxii].

 

THE BLONDE INDIANS !

 

The sacred volume of the Popol Vuh of the Maya kept by Quetzelcoatl, one of their priests, mentions that they 

 

“came from the East ... they left there, from that great distance .. they crossed the sea”.

 

They further claim that a great king, Votan, brought them over and settled them in Mexico c.1000 BC. This can be none other than Dan I, mentioned earlier in this chapter. Dan I (Odin, Votan or Wotan) ruled Denmark c.1040-999 BC.

 

Perhaps the “forest of Dan”[clxiii] in the land of the Quiche Maya is named after him. The earliest capital built by these Indians, under the leadcrship of a foreign leadership was called Amag-Dan! They claim in their traditions to have been ruled over by fair-skinned persons, many of whom had fair hair.  How could one argue with their histories ? And many of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota were of mixed descent and blonde[clxiv]. In fact, many of the Mandans still have blue eyes - and that is not due to recent Caucasian influences[clxv]. Is it mere speculation to assert that the Mandans migrated out of Maya country, being in part, descendants of Dan and his party? All anthropologists can say with certainty is that the Mandans may be traced to the southern parts of the United States of America.

 

WHITE VISITORS TO THE AMERICAS

 

Long before Columbus, the Americas was visited by a fair-skinned people! Most people do no know that.  I have already referred to the Toltecs and Dan I and his party. An Irish chronicle, the Imanas makes references to the expeditions of Saint Brendan in 577 AD to the Americas with seventeen other monks on an evangelizing mission. Also, Eric Gnupson, Bishop of Greenland, visited the New World in 112 AD[clxvi]. Previously, Eric Leifson (c 1001 AD) landed on the shores of Canada. Various Vikings explorers both preceded and followed him. Remains of their settlements have been  uncovered in Labrador.

 

“America” may have taken its name from these “Erics”.  “Amterica” in the ancient Scandinavian tongue means the “land of Eric” - “Amt” means land and “a” at the end of Eric denotes possession.  This is what some of the Indians were calling the land when Amerigo Vespucius came there. His name in Italy was Marco and possibly took his name from America than gave it to her! This is, of course, speculation, and is only one theory we might give consideration to. Yair Davidy of Israel has introduced other, just as legitimate, suggestions for the origin of the name. Multiple origins cannot be ruled out.

 

Reader’s Digest’s excellent book, The World’s Last Mysteries, mentions how many White, or part White, tribes have been found occasionally in Venezuela and other parts of South America[clxvii]. One such tribe was found to be red-bearded! It was discovered by the builders of Brazil's Trans-Amazon Highway. Their name? The Assurinis![clxviii]. Could thay be, in part, descendants of Assyrian traders? Or were they former Assyrian slaves in the Ancient Middle East? We do know that some Canaanites were blonde in ancient Asia Minor[clxix], probably due to inter-marriage and some Canaanite (Phoenician) tribes landed up in America.

 

There is nothing new in the belief that the Phoenicians and Carthaginians settled America.  Samuel Bochart and Pierre Daniel Huet, both already referred to in earlier chapters, claimed such in the 16th century[clxx]! Anthropologists and historians will also tell you that, although the Minoans were mainly dark-haired and eyed, some had blonde hair[clxxi] due to intermarriage with Indo-Europeans.

 

THE MISSING LINK

 

Why has it not been generally recognised that the American Indians originated in Thrace and in the Aegean ? The major reason is that the bulk of evidence has been destroyed. The Santorini incident sunk much of the Minoan civilization to the bottom of the sea. Others have speculated that the lost continent of Atlantis situated just west of the Azores may indeed be the missing link between tha America Indians, North-West Africa (the Mauri?) and the Aegean. Could this be the case? (An excellent account on Atlantis may be found in the book Beyond Star Wars by William F Dankenbring).

 

Another territory off Heligoland, perhaps the original Thule, later also became known as Atlantis[clxxii]. This too, may be a missing link between Europe and the Americas, now long since disappeared beneath the waters. Yet another Thule is mentioned by Ptolemy (AD 140) as being between Scotland and the Shetland Isles. Also, evidence of great human - built walls, now underwater, off the island of Bimini in the area of the Bahamas is further evidence of worldwide catastrophes which were unleashed upon planet Earth thousands of years ago.

 

One day, as technology improves, and we explore some of these underwater treasure-troves, historians and archaeologists will be forced to rewrite world history and admit that many of the Indians came from the east, as their traditions say, and not the West.

 

THE FINAL PROOF

 

Smith Classical Dictionary tells us that the family of Tiras subdivided into various tribes. They are listed as follows:

 

 

Dyras                        Maori

Amazons                   Gasgars

Teres                        Calybes (Caribes)

Maias                       Thyni

Milyaes                    Tauri

Carians

 

 

Others were Ketei, Tosk and Moskas, similar to the names of nations in Asia Minor. The name of the Moskas may derive from a branch of Tiras which dwelt next to the Moschi in Asia Minor[clxxiii], the Tosks from the Etruscans and Ketei from some of the Hittites (see the final section, Canaanites Too!, below). Perhaps there is even a relationship between the Tarascos of Michoacan Mexico and Tuscarora Indians with a section of the Etruscans. Dr Nott wrote:

 

“A great similarity exists between the ancient Etruscans ... and the Auraucanians of South America. The features and outlines of the Cherokees seem to be perfectly identical with those of several Italian populations, the Calabrians, for instance. The inhabitants of Auvergne, especially the female portion, much more nearly resemble physiognomy of several Indian tribes of North America than any European nation”. [clxxiv]

 

The Milyaes, Gasgars and Mauris have already been referred to as being absorbed into Elishah. The Carians may also have been absorbed by Elishah. But what of the rest ?

 

The Dyras are called Dures and the Dorasquas; Teres is named Turas; and Tauri is the Dauri in South America! Undoubtedly, the Trios and Atures Indian tribes are also related to Teres and Tauri. Calybes gave rise to the Calybes or Caribes in the Carribean. The Tinne, called Thyni by the Greeks, are in Canada. The famous Amazons are to be found in South America. It may be that some of these latter were somehow related to those which allied with the Hittites against the Phrygians[clxxv].

 

Maias fathered the Mayas; Ketei, Tosk and Moskas (called Ketei-Moskas by the Greeks) gave rise to the Chahta-Muskoki Indians in the United States. A tribe called the Tarasca dwell today in the Michoacan Province, southern Mexico[clxxvi]. They are named after their god, Taras [clxxvii], who can be no other than,Tiras himself, deified and possibly a branch of the Etruscans (see above). Similarly we find the Touros in Brazil and Terrazas city in Mexico.

 

Surely it could not be any plainer?  The American Indians who built the civilizations of the Mississippi and founded the Maya and Aztec Empires descend from Tiras, son of Japheth, son of Noah !

 

No mention is made of Tiras in prophecy. Why ? Simply because God knew they would be a subjected, down-trodden people (unfortunately), their lands swamped by other races They play no major part, to our knowledge, in prophesied future events.

 

CANAANITES TOO!

 

From the aforementioned evidence, it would appear that even some Canaanites migrated to the Americas! Note the following.

 

Where are the sons of Heth today? The ancestors of Heth became known as the Hittites[clxxviii]. In time they migrated from Palestine to Dardania in Asia Minor; the Indo-Europeans who settled in the territory of these Hittites took their name and applied it to themselves because they were such famous warriors[clxxix]. In the Middle East, three or even four racial groups may be identified as Hittites[clxxx]. The Hittites which descended from Heth are the original group whom I wish now to discuss briefly.

 

Some confuse the Hittites with the Khittites, another group who inhabited Asia Minor.  The original Hittites were a dark-skinned people[clxxxi] who had a yellow-brown skin[clxxxii]. They were related to the Minoans[clxxxiii] while some others mixed with their Indo-European conquerors[clxxxiv]. In Egyptian monuments the true or original Hittite peoples were depicted with prominent noses - straight or hawked shaped.

 

“Somewhat proud, with lips full, the check-bones high, the eyebrows fairly prominent, the forehead receding like the chin, and the face hairless ... The hair is black, the eyes dark brown”. [clxxxv]

 

“The skin colour varied from brown to yellowish and reddish [because of the racial stocks being confused by writers]. Greek tradition insists the people were a warlike, rude people, known for their frenzied dances and music”. [clxxxvi]

 

The only dark people anywhere on the face of this planet bearing the name Hatti or Chatti (that is, Hittites) are amongst the American Indians. The white man first encountered them in New England and in the plains of America. The inter-tribal name of the plains confederation of the Indians was Chatti! The main tribe was the Sioux, living in both North and South Dakota.  They are an exception to the rule that the American Indians are brachycephalic head-shaped (ie round-headed) - the Sioux are actually long-headed (dolichocephalic)[clxxxvii]. Their features are quite different too (for example their nose is hooked and longer than most Indians). Further, the name Heth (whence Hittite is derived), means warrior. The Sioux were commonly called “brave” which means “warrior”. Writing in the 1840's, Goodrich had this to say about the Sioux who are different, he states, to the other tribes :

 

“No Indian tribe, except the Sioux, has shown such daring intrepidity and such implacable hatred towards other tribes. Their enmity, when once excited, was never known to be appeased till the arrow or tomahawk had forever prostrated their foes. For centuries, the prairies of Illinois and Iowa were the theatre of their exterminating prowess; and to them is to be attributed the almost entire destruction of the Missouris, the Illinois, Cahakias, Kaskaskias, and Borias”. [clxxxviii]

 

Brinton wrote similarly:

 

“Their frames are powerful, and the warriors of the Sioux have long enjoyed a celebrity for their hardihood and daring. The massacre of General Custer’s command, which they executed in 1876, was the severest blow the army of the United States ever experienced at the hands of the red men”. [clxxxix]

 

We know that some of the Hittites mixed with their Indo-European conquerors[cxc]. Is this the reason why some of the Indians of North Dakota had blonde hair ?[cxci] A final point to mention is that the line of descent of the Canaanitish tribes was often counted through women (a matriarchy). The Mohawk, Mohican or Iroquois Indians had old women as ruling-chiefs. Sometimes, of course, they had male rulers because they went to war, but woman figure very prominently. Is all this mere coincidence ?  Or is fact stranger than fiction?

 

THE HIVITES

 

The Hivites who were linked to the Edomites, inhabited Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, from the Hermon Range to Hamath. But they are not there today![cxcii]  Then where are they?

 

The Hivites were driven out of the Middle East by the Philistines according to researcher Peter Tompkins[cxciii]. Many readers would be familiar with Peter Tompkins stimulating work Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids. In it, Tompkins uses Ordonez, Nanez and native Mexican sources. Part of the Hivite tribe fled to Tyre from whence they set sail to America[cxciv]. On page 79 he quotes from an Indian document signed 28th September 1554, which reads

 

“We have written that which by tradition our ancestors told us, who came from the other part of the sea, from Givan - Tulan, bordering on Babylonia”. [cxcv]

 

One Indian tradition recorded in The annals of the Cakchiquels - lords of Totonicapen mentions that their ancestors came from the east, from the rising of the sun, across the ocean from a place called Civan - Tula, which means in American Indian “place of caves” ! [cxcvi]

 

One researcher has written the following concerning that event

 

 

“The people led by Odin or Wotan across the Atlantic to the New World were not exclusively the sons of Tiras from Thrace; some tribes were called Chivim, reports Ordonez the early Spanish writer. It is the very Hebrew spelling used for the English word

 

Hivites, some of whom once lived in Mt Seir, the land of caves near Babylonia. So the Mexicans were a mixed people”. [cxcvii]

 

There we have it. The Hivites are today absorbed into the general population of Mexico and Guatamala, perhaps representing the darkest strain in those peoples.

 

Some Hivites may have settled in the land of the Tatars, called Khiva[cxcviii], for a time, before migrating to Pannonia in Hungary where a minority brown people live. But much more research needs to be undertaken to prove that a small dark component of the Hungarians (known as the Pusta) descend from the Hivites.

 

 

 

RECOMMENDED READING

 

Brinton, DG (1891)          The American Race. NDC Hodges, New York. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint   Co, 1970.

 

Driver, HE (1969)           Indians of North America. University of Chicago Press.

 

Gordon, C (1971)            Before Columbus. Crown Publishers, New York.

 

 

 

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

 

Baikie,  (1926)                                        The Sea-Kings of Crete. London.

Baker, J (1974)                                       Race. Foundation for Human Understanding, Athens, Georgia.

Bancroft, H (1875)                                Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. (5 vols). New York.

Birton, G (1933)                                     Archaeology and the Bible. Philadelphia.

Bishop, CW (1942)                               Origin of the Far Eastern Civilizations. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Barton-Payne,  (1973)                          The Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy. Hodder & Stoughton, London.

Beddoe, J (1912)                                   The Anthropological History of Europe. Reprinted by the Cliveden Press, USA.

Best, E (1924)                                        The Maoris. (2 vols). Wellington, New Zealand.

Boulger, DC (1878)                               The History of China. W. Thacker & Co, London.

Brinton, DG (1891)                               The American Race. NDC Hodges, New York. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Co,                  1970.

Broek,J  (1968)                                      A Geography of Mankind. McGraw-Hill, New York.

& Weber, J

Brinkley, F (1903)                                 Japan and China. (vol 1). TC & EC Jack, London.

Bullinger, EW (c1890)                          Companion Bible. Samuel Baagster & Sons, London. Reprinted 1974.

Burney, C (1971)                                   The Peoples of the Hills. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

Buxton, D (1925)                                   The Peoples of Asia. Kegan Paul, London.

Childe, VG (1926)                                  The Aryans. Kegan Paul, London.

Conder, CR (c1900)                              “The Canaanites”, Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London.

Coon, CS (1948)                                    Races of Europe. MacMillan, New York.

Coon, CS (1956)                                    Living Races of Mankind. Jonathan Cape, London.

Cowan,J  (1930)                                    The Maori.

Cumming, J (1864)                                The Destiny of Nations. Haust & Blackette, London.

Custance, AC (1975)                            Noah’s Three Sons. Zondervan, Michigan.

Dankenbring, WF (1978)                     Beyond Star Wars. Triumph Publishers, Pasadena.

Debets, G (1974)                                   “Essay on the Graphical Presentation of the Genealogical Classification of Human                                                                  Races”, in Bromley, Y (ed). Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology Today. Mouton,                              The Hague.

Douglas, JD (1972)                               New Bible Dictionary. Inter-Varsity Press, London.

(et al)

Driver, HE (1969)                                  Indians of North America. University of Chicago Press.

Elliott, L (1978)                                      “Monte Alban, City of the Gods”, Reader’s Digest, April.

Fell,B (1976)                                          America B.C. Demeter, New York.

Fell, B (1982)                                         Bronze Age America. Little, Brown and Co., Toronto.

Fornander, A (ND)                               The Polynesian Race. Its Origins and Migrations. (Vol 1). London.

Gayre, R (1973)                                     The Syro-Mesoptamian Ethnology as Revealed in Genesis X. The Amorial,                                                                             Edinburgh.

Goetz, D (1953)                                     The Annals of the Cakchiquels - Lords of Totonicapan. University of Oklahoma (translator)                                                                Press.

Goodrich, SG (1844)                             History of the Indians of North America. Broun & Taggard, Boston. Reprinted                                     1860.

Gordon, C (1971)                                  Before Columbus. Crown Publishers, New York.

Grant, M (1971)                                     Ancient History Atlas. 1700 BC to AD 565. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

Graves, R (1964)                                   Hebrew Myths. The Book of Genesis. Cassell, London.

& Patai, R

Haddon, AC (1912)                              The Wanderings of Peoples. Oxford University Press.

Halley, H (1965)                                    Halley’s Bible Handbook. Zondervan, Michigan. First published 1927.

Heyerdahl, T (1978)                             Early Man and the Ocean. George Allen & Unwin.

Hoeh, HL (1957)                                   “Truth about the Race Question”, Plain Truth, July: 3-8, 12-14, 17-23.

Hoeh, HL (1969)                                   Compendium of World History. (Vol 2). Pasadena, California. First published                                         1963.

Holmes, TRE (c1900)                           Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar.

Howells, W (1973)                                The Pacific Islanders. AH & AW Reed, Wellington.

Huxley, F (1974)                                    Peoples of the World In Colour. Blandford Press, London.

Jones, Sir W (1807)                              The Works. Vol 1. London.

Jochelson, W (1928)                            Peoples of Asiatic Russia. American Museum of Natural History.

Josephus, F                                           Antiquities. Translated by W Whiston, Simms & McIntyre, London.

Kachur, V (1972)                                   The Trans-Caucasion Migration of the Rusi Tribes. Dublin, Ohio.

Kalyanaraman, A (1969)                      Aryatarangini. The Saga of the Indo-Aryans. (2 vols). Asia Publishing House,                                                                       London.

Karnow, S (1964)                                  South-East Asia. Time-Life Books.

Kinder,H  (1974)                                   Atlas of World History (vol 1). Penguin Books, Middlesex.

& Hilgerman, W

Koestler, A (1976)                                The Thirteenth Tribe. Picador, London.

Kolosimo, P (1970)                               Not of this World. Soevenir Press, London.

Kuttner, R (1967)                                  Race and Modern Science. Social Press, New York.

Langer, W (1968)                                  An Encyclopedia of World History. Harrap Publishers, London.

Lawless, E (c1887)                                The Story of the Nations. Ireland. Fisher Unwin, London.

Maspero, G (1900)                                History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East. (Vol 3).

McEvedy, C (1967)                              The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History. Penguin Books, Middlesex.

Milner, W (1941)                                  The Russian Chapters of Ezekiel. Destiny Publishers, Mass. First published 1923.

Mitchell, J (1976)                                  Rigby Joy of Knowledge Library: History & Culture. (Vol 1). Rigby Ltd, Sydney.

(ed)

Olsen, G (1981)                                     The Incredible Nordic Origins. Nordica, Kent.

Pococke, E (1856)                                 India in Greece. Richard Griffin & Co.

Pokorney, J (ND)                                  History of Ireland. Translated by Dr SD King.

Polo, M                                                  Travels. Edited by Bohn. Library Publishers, New York, 1854.

Rawlinson, G (1878)                             Origin of Nations. Scribner, New York.

Rapson, EJ (1914)                                 Ancient India. Cambridge University Press, London.

Rea, B (1968)                                         The True Origin of the American Indian. Pasadena, Calfornia. (Unpublished                                                                           manuscript)

Reynolds, D (1974)                              “The Roots of Prejudice: California Indian History in School Textbooks” in                                                                              Spindler, G (ed), Education and Cultural Process. Holt, Rinehart and Winston,                                  New York.

Roberts, HH (1926)                              Ancient Hawaiian  Music. BP Bishop Music Bulletin, Honolulu.

Rouse, ML (1906)                                 “The Bible Pedigree of the Nations of the World”, Jnl. Transactions of the Victoria                                                              Institute, vol 38; 123-153.

Sayce, AH (1899)                                 A Dictionary of the Bible. (Vol 2). Edited by JM Hastings. TT Clark, Edinburgh.

Sayce, AH (1925)                                 The Hittites. Religious Tract Society. First published 1888.

Sayce, AH (1928)                                 Races of the Old Testament. Lutterworth Press, Surrey.

Scrutton, RJ (1977)                               The Other Atlantis. Neville Spearman.

Sibree, J (1880)                                      The Great African Island. Chapters on Madagascar. Trubner & Co, London.

Shepherd, WR (1956)                          Shepherd’s Historical Atlas. George Philip & Son, London.

Smith, W (1894)                                    Classical Dictionary. New York.

Speiser, EA (1964)                                The Anchor Bible. Genesis. Doubleday Publishers, New York.

Stewart, TD (1973)                               The People of America. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

Stuart, GE (1972)                                   “Who were the Mound Builders?”, National Geographic. December: 783-801.

Suggs, RC (1968)                                  The Island Civilizations of Polynesia. New American Library, New York.

Taylor, G (1937)                                    Environment, Race and Migration. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Tompkins, P (1974)                              Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids. Allen Lane Publishers.

Wainwright, FL (ND)                           The Problem of the Picts.

Wiseman, DJ (1955)                             “Genesis 10: Some Archaeological Considerations”, Journal of the Transactions                                 of the Victoria Institute. Vol LXXXVII. (Renamed Faith and Thought).

Wiseman, DJ (1973)                             Peoples of Old Testament Times. Oxford University Publishers.

(ed)

Yamauchi,E  (1982)                               Foes From the Northern Frontier. Baker Book House, Michigan.

NN (1973)                                              South American Culture in Perspective.

NN (1887)                                              The Bible Dictionary. Cassell & Co, London.

NN (ND)                                                The Nations of Genesis 10. USA. Unpublished paper.

NN (1977)                                              The World’s Last Mysteries. Reader’s Digest, Sydney.

 

 

 


CHAPTER ONE FOOTNOTES

 

[i]  Sayce 1928:71;  See Wiseman 1973:165

[ii]  Custance 1975:83

[iii]  Douglas 1972:481

[iv]  Wiseman, 1955:17

[v]  Karnow 1964:29

[vi]  Gayre 1973:55; Custance 1975:85; Childe 1926:38

[vii]  Custance 1975:86

[viii]  ibid: quoting Strabo I:1:10; I:III:21; XI:VIII:4

[ix]  See Coon 1948:196

[x]  Douglas 1972:96

[xi]  Wiseman 1955:18; Maspero 1900:343

[xii]  Burney 1971:168

[xiii]  Hoeh 1969 vol 1:36

[xiv]  Yamauchi 1982:112

[xv]  The World’s Last Mysteries 1977:226

[xvi]  ibid:222

[xvii]  Bishop 1942:7-7

[xviii]  Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2:170-72

[xix]  ibid:93

[xx]  Huxley 1974:159; Langer1968:56

[xxi]  Buxton 1925:156

[xxii]  Huxley 1974:161

[xxiii]  Brinkley 1903:38

[xxiv]  Hoeh 1969 vol 1:344

[xxv]  Rapson 1914;136-37, 202

[xxvi]  Josephus Antiquities 1:6:1

[xxvii]  Kachur 1972:5,7

[xxviii]  Rouse 1906:133

[xxix]  Custance 1975:88

[xxx]  Douglas 1972:1285

[xxxi]  Bullinger c1890:1144

[xxxii]  Milner 1941:46

[xxxiii]  Kachur 1972:9-10

[xxxiv]  Koestler 1976:160

[xxxv]  Jochelson 1928: map “Ethnographic map of Asiatic Russia” at the front of his book

 

CHAPTER TWO FOOTNOTES

 

[xxxvi]  Kachur 1975:1-2

[xxxvii]  Josephus Antiquities 1:6:2

[xxxviii]  Quoted in Cumming 1864

[xxxix]  Quoted in Halley 1965:310

[xl]  Barton-Payne 1973:367

[xli]  Milner 1883

[xlii]  Milner 1886:ch 11

[xliii]  Jones 1807 vol 1: 94

[xliv]  Polo Travels: 87

[xlv]  Stewart 1973:132

[xlvi]  see photographs of these Lapps in Olsen 1981:38-45

[xlvii]  Douglas 1972:480; Sayce 1928:73

[xlviii]  Wiseman 1973:165

[xlix]  Hoeh 1957:17

[l]  Haman the Agagite mentioned in Esther 3:1 is called an Amalekite by Josephus in Antiquities 11:6:1

[li]  Bullinger c1890:1161

[lii]  Milner 1941:9-10

[liii]  Josephus Antiquities 1:6:1;  Douglas 1972:701

[liv]  Wiseman 1973:197

[lv]  Custance for example confuses the two on page 210 of his work

[lvi]  Sayce 1888:42

[lvii]  Barton 1933:90-91

[lviii]  Koestler 1976:164

[lix]  Beddoe 1912:82

[lx] Childe 1926:78, 114; Custance 1975:104

[lxi]  Childe 1926:28

[lxii]  Boulger 1878:17

[lxiii]  ibid: 18; Conder c1900:51

[lxiv]  Custance 1975:211

[lxv]  Huxley 1974:159

[lxvi]  ibid:160

[lxvii]  Broek & Weber 1968:83;  see too Taylor 1937:216

 

CHAPTER THREE FOOTNOTES

 

[lxviii]  Douglas 1972: 600

[lxix]  ibid

[lxx]  Sayce 1899 vol 2:552

[lxxi]  Gayre 1973:50

[lxxii]  ibid: 50

[lxxiii]  Custance 1975:81

[lxxiv]  Driver 1969:112

[lxxv]  Custance 1975:93

[lxxvi]  See Joel 3;3-6; Ezek 27:13, 19; Rev 18:13

[lxxvii]  ibid; Douglas 1972:366, 867

[lxxviii]  Sayce 1928:75

[lxxix]  ibid

[lxxx]  Gayre 1973:51

[lxxxi]  ibid: 52

[lxxxii]  ibid: 51

[lxxxiii]  ibid: 50

[lxxxiv]  The Bible Dictionary 1887:383

[lxxxv]  The Nations of Genesis 10, page 1.

[lxxxvi]  Smith 1894: art; “Tiras”

[lxxxvii]  Wiseman 1955: 18

[lxxxviii]  Suggs 1968:48

[lxxxix]  Haddon 1912:36

[xc]  Field 1939:521

[xci]  ibid

[xcii]  Fell 1976:178

[xciii]  Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2:333

[xciv]  Debets 1974

[xcv]  ibid: 175

[xcvi]  ibid

[xcvii]  according to Kuttner 1967:14, the Dyakids of Malaya are virtually identical to certain American Indians. Perhaps some of the latter derive from Milyaes.

[xcviii]  Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2:332, 175

[xcix]  Sibree 1880:102

[c]  Howells 1973:295-96; Suggs 1968:32. Perhaps they migrated via India: “The Mohenjo script [by the Indus] was not yet deciphered, but it is said to be like tht discovered in Easter Island, some 12,000 miles to the south-east” (Taylor: 1937:210).

[ci]  Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2: 443

[cii]  Suggs 1968: chapter 6

[ciii]  Heyerdahl 1978:290

[civ]  Ibid: 98. Taylor 1937: 103 states that “Indeed it is almost impossible to distinguish some Hawaiians and Maoris from certain Europeans”.

[cv]  Suggs 1968:32

[cvi]  Huxley 1974:143

[cvii]  Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2:447

[cviii]  Suggs 1968: 48-49

[cix]  Heyerdahl 1952: 182-191

[cx] Kalyanaraman 1969 vol 2:361

[cxi]  Roberts 1926:352

[cxii]  ibid: 355

[cxiii]  Best 1924:58, 109, 110

[cxiv]  Fornander vol 1:12

[cxv]  Cowan 1930

 

CHAPTER FOUR FOOTNOTES

 

[cxvi]  South American Culture in Perspective 1973:12

[cxvii]  Reynolds 1974:506

[cxviii]  ibid: 511

[cxix]  ibid: 512

[cxx]  Heyerdahl 1978:358

[cxxi]  Broek & Weber 1968:83

[cxxii]  Personal letter; name withheld.

[cxxiii] Baker 1974: 625

[cxxiv]  Baikie 1926:74

[cxxv]  Josephus Antiquities 1:6:1

[cxxvi]  Mitchell 1976 vol 1:38

[cxxvii]  McEvedy 1967:28

[cxxviii]  Heyerdahl 1978:325

[cxxix]  Baikie 1926:212

[cxxx]  Rea 1968:14. See also Coon’s excellent description (1948:141-42).

[cxxxi]  Speiser 1964:66

[cxxxii]  Graves1964:124; Douglas 1972:1283

[cxxxiii]  Grant 1971:5

[cxxxiv]  ibid: 6, 20, 19, 51

[cxxxv]  Rea 1968:19

[cxxxvi]  ibid: 18

[cxxxvii]  Kolosimo 1970:177

[cxxxviii]  ibid: 174

[cxxxix]  Gordon 1971: 82. Dr Gordon even believes that the Minoans were related to the Phoenicians (pages 1-4, 20).

[cxl]  Grant 1971:2

[cxli]  Shepherd 1956:35

[cxlii]  quoted in Hoeh 1969 vol 2:86

[cxliii]  Wainwright page 132. Illyria is where Lud settled (a part of the Etruscans). Some historians link the Tyrsenoi with the Etruscans (see for example Kinder 1974:73).

[cxliv]  Rea 1968:23

[cxlv]  Pokorney page 16

[cxlvi]  quoted in Baker 1974:270

[cxlvii]  Hoeh 1969 vol 2: 61

[cxlviii]  Holmes page 388

[cxlix] Hoeh 1969 vol 2:92

[cl]  ibid

[cli]  ibid: 86-7. These works include Martin in Western Islands of Scotland (18th century); Croker’s Boswell (1848); Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (no. VII) and Pennant’s Second Tour (1772).

[clii]  Croker 1848:316, 352 quoted in Hoeh 1969 vol 2:87

[cliii]  Lawless c1887:5

[cliv]  Baker 1974:225

[clv]  The Nations of Genesis 10, page 2.

[clvi]  Taylor 1937:214. See also page 170. Barry Fell in his America B.C. finds definite links between Basque and various Indian languages.

[clvii]  Beddoe 1912:160

[clviii]  ibid: 147

[clix]  ibid: 156

[clx]  ibid: 157

[clxi]  Stuart 1972 “Who were the mound Builders?”

[clxii]  Elliott 1978 “Monte Alban, City of the Gods”

[clxiii]  Bancroft 1875 vol 5:103, 549

[clxiv]  Coon 1956: plate 33

[clxv]  Taylor 1937:246

[clxvi]  Hoeh 1969 vol 2:91

[clxvii]  World’s Last Mysteries 1977:20

[clxviii]  Dankenbring 1978:89

[clxix]  Heyerdahl 1978:339

[clxx]  Poliakov 1974: 141

[clxxi]  Coon 1948:141. The Eskimos of the Coppermine River are also blonde according to Taylor 1937:246

[clxxii] Rea 1968:13-14. See Scrutton 1977.

[clxxiii]  Rawlinson 1878:174

[clxxiv]  Dr Nott page 343

[clxxv]  McEvedy 1967:38

[clxxvi]  Driver 1969: map 44

[clxxvii]  Brinton 1891:136

[clxxviii]  Douglas 1972:528

[clxxix] ibid

[clxxx]  Wiseman 1973:197

[clxxxi]  Koestler 1976:164

[clxxxii]  Sayce 1928:42

[clxxxiii]  McEvedy 1967: 28

[clxxxiv]  Gayre 1973:34

[clxxxv]  Sayce 1925:133

[clxxxvi]  Hoeh 1969 vol 2:360

[clxxxvii]  Brinton 1891:99

[clxxxviii]  Goodrich 1844: 246-7

[clxxxix]  Brinton 1891:99

[cxc]  Gayre 1973:34

[cxci]  Coon 1956: plate 23

[cxcii]  Douglas 1972:329

[cxciii]  Tompkins 1974:79

[cxciv]  ibid

[cxcv]  ibid

[cxcvi]  Goetz 1953:169-70

[cxcvii]  Hoeh 1969 vol 2:93-94

[cxcviii]  Pococke 1856:217

 

 

 

 

 

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